Delhi High Court Upholds Tax Treaty Benefits for Tiger Global in Landmark Flipkart Case

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In a significant development for foreign investors, the Delhi High Court recently delivered a landmark judgment in favor of Tiger Global, a Mauritius-based investment firm. The case centered around the sale of Tiger Global’s shares in Flipkart Singapore to Walmart and the applicability of tax benefits under the India-Mauritius Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA).

The crux of the matter revolved around the Indian tax authorities’ attempt to deny Tiger Global treaty benefits by invoking the General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR). This raised a critical question: can GAAR be used to negate treaty benefits for shares acquired before April 1, 2017, a date that marked significant changes to the India-Mauritius DTAA?

Background: The India-Mauritius DTAA and GAAR

The India-Mauritius DTAA is a tax treaty aimed at preventing double taxation on income earned by residents of either country in the other. This treaty provides benefits such as reduced or no withholding tax on capital gains arising from the sale of shares.

The General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR), introduced in India in 2013, empowers tax authorities to disregard arrangements deemed to be artificial or lacking genuine commercial substance. The purpose is to prevent tax avoidance schemes that exploit loopholes in the tax code.

The Dispute: GAAR vs. Treaty Benefits

In this case, Tiger Global had acquired shares in Flipkart Singapore before April 1, 2017. This was crucial because the India-Mauritius DTAA offered more favorable tax benefits for pre-2017 acquisitions. However, when Tiger Global sold its shares to Walmart, the Indian tax authorities sought to apply GAAR, arguing that the investment structure was merely a tax avoidance scheme.

The Delhi High Court’s Decision

The Delhi High Court ruled in favor of Tiger Global, upholding its entitlement to treaty benefits under the DTAA. The Court’s reasoning rested on several key points:

• Tax Residency Certificate (TRC): The Court acknowledged the Tax Residency Certificate (TRC) issued by the Mauritian government as sufficient proof of Tiger Global’s tax residency in Mauritius. This reaffirmed the importance of TRCs as evidence of tax residency in India.
• Corporate Veil Principle: The Court recognized the legitimacy of complex corporate structures and upheld the “corporate veil principle.” This principle acknowledges that a company is a separate legal entity from its owners.
• Beneficial Ownership: The Court examined the concept of “beneficial ownership” and concluded that Tiger Global, not a US-based individual, held the beneficial ownership of the shares. This countered the argument that Tiger Global was merely a “see-through entity” established solely for tax avoidance.
• “Grandfathering Clause”: The Court considered the “grandfathering clause” within the DTAA, which protected pre-2017 investments from changes introduced after that date. This clause played a significant role in securing treaty benefits for Tiger Global.

Implications of the Decision

This landmark judgment has several significant implications for foreign investors in India:

• Clarity on GAAR and Treaty Benefits: The Delhi High Court ruling provides much-needed clarity on the applicability of GAAR in relation to pre-2017 treaty benefits. 
• Importance of Tax Residency Certificates: The emphasis on TRCs as reliable evidence of tax residency reinforces the importance of obtaining these certificates from the relevant authorities.
• Scrutiny of Complex Structures: While the Court upheld the “corporate veil principle,” it highlights that complex structures may still face scrutiny from tax authorities. 

Looking Forward

The Delhi High Court’s decision is a positive development for foreign investors. It reinforces the sanctity of tax treaties and provides greater clarity on the role of GAAR in such scenarios. However, it is crucial to note that this is a single court judgment, and its interpretation by other courts and tax authorities remains to be seen.

Foreign investors operating in India should stay informed of evolving tax regulations and seek professional advice to ensure their investments comply with all applicable tax laws.

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